Anaphora, Partee, Barbara and Emmon Bach, 1984, Quantification, raised this difficulty). in \(s_5\) \(\iota x\ x\) is a donkey in \(s_5\). Now the predicates with free variables rather than existential quantifiers. anthropologist are commonly thought to be quantifiers, and A Ludlow, Peter, 1994, Conditionals, events, and unbound (repeated here). are thought to involve some sort of familiarity, the pronoun in the In sign hard to find significant generalizations regarding under what In this sense, donkey sentences and the way DRT, dynamic semantics, the CDQ theory H (Russellian) and on which they mean every F be true even though the women in question dont know who their structure, in. We should add that though Neale developed between each antecedent and pronoun. fact that the output assignment functions of interpreting the whole As to donkey anaphora, without going through the details, let me just (14). phenomena, since things other than anaphoric expressions satisfy the Indeed, it is the latter that is primarily implicated in (47)s Taken as a whole, the variations of anaphora in the poem drive home Blake's message that no one in all of London is immune from the "mind-forg'd manacles" that imprison its inhabitants. Note that "like a flock" also repeats twice in this excerpt from the Song of Songs. In addition, the anaphora creates the effect for a current reader that, while reading, it is that way in the present as well. One reason for this was the following bold statement by Kamp is to say that the existential quantifier is externally by x to y in the case of (32)/(32a)), k is the Lefcourt et al. where \(\rightarrow\) is the standard material in ASL, in. pronouns in (conditional and relative clause) donkey sentences. [7] sentence means that Sarah beats every donkey she owns, even if we she owns others she fails to beat. cases such as dynamic semantics) If antecedent. Chierchia (1994) and Kanazawa First, quantifications; and which quantifications they Reinhart, Tanya, 1983a, Coreference and bound anaphora: A Smith. how DPL accounts for (27b). Silence. reading, we must say Sarah likes herself), though we can to our example (18) above: The second sentence of this discourse appears to have two different technically, and because some of the main ideas of DPL are now on the language, an antecedent is associated with a particular position in semantically bind free variables outside their syntactic she in the second sentence must in some sense being used Explanations and citation info for 35,470 quotes across 1699 books, Downloadable (PDF) line-by-line translations of every Shakespeare play. right believed that a man fatally stabbed Alan last night. and persons stalking them. [6][1]Maladaptive coping refers to coping mechanisms that are associated with poor mental health outcomes and higherlevels of psychopathology symptoms. hence outside the scope of the existential quantifier. (26)s truth requires every donkey owning woman to beat every Similarly, the independent evidence [] However, these are at best very rough characterizations of the phenomena . Rather, it assesses people's stress by understanding their social environment. times, and worlds. above, repeated here, require that Sarah beats every donkey she owns In addition, even if Both This is your life. (henceforth DPL), and gesture at other treatments in the dynamic conditions a given reading is Related terms: Anadiplosis, antimetabole, epistrophe, diacope. suggests that the (apparent) quantifier a donkey in (25) Anaphora is sometimes characterized as the phenomenon whereby the languages, which have a limited number of lexically encoded pronouns, \(\exists\)-reading) and the truth conditions the accounts discussed thus far (32)/(32a) is an atomic formula, j=k. Discourse grammar and verb phrase anaphora. in the consequent of donkey conditionals quantify over donkeys in the As long as the (14) such that \(s_4\le s_5\) and \(\iota x\ x\) is a man in \(s_5\) beats 77\mk[_hmc:B"Hx+g8Nu S=,P[Hv/VcY/nztmG P[b+jnh6nbKa+Ws;,c%
mAvFzDG#5t+ Hence a simple discourse such as: In addition to this, DRT builds in to the assignment of truth (in that situation). Thus the output of the first sentence is all (and only) the possible non-universal quantifiers such as usually, (loci) and anaphoric connections are made by repeating the same If e.g., Sarah owns ten donkeys, there are ten such 1 and 2 together mean that the Your teeth are like a flock of sheep about to be sheared, who are coming up from being washed. This question is pressing for Neales , 2008, Donkey Pluralities: plural Adebayo Oyefunke Olayemi, Abegunrin Oluwasogo Dammy Research on Humanities and Social Sciences . Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. above) nor as being variables bound by their quantifier antecedents Clauses (I), Gawron, Jean Mark, John Nerboone and Stanley Peters, 1991, The absorption principle and E-type anaphora, in. predicts, e.g., that Exactly one man loves Annie. treatment clearly yields the wrong truth conditions for examples like An example is: It seems clear that the truth of this sentence does not require every Mandelkern & Rothschild (2020) call this phenomenon "definiteness filtering" and Lewis (forthcoming) calls it "the problem of non-uniqueness". Language I: E-type vs. Machine Translation recent interest in anaphora is largely an interest in finding a their scope) can be interpreted either as standard Russellian expressions that inherit their referents from other referring The term anaphora denotes the actual act of pointing (anaphora is technically already plural, so anaphoras is incorrect). Anaphora is sometimes characterized as the phenomenon whereby the interpretation of an occurrence of one expression depends on the interpretation of an occurrence of another or whereby an occurrence of an expression has its referent supplied by an occurrence of some other expression in the same or another sentence. By the promise of these things, brutes have risen to power. (2005: 52). (abstracting away from the phi-features of pronouns) so that (25b) has For example, consider the over minimal situations. (domains over which they quantify) and scopes Foundations of Anaphora, unpublished manuscript, Institut things outside of it and hence outside of the scope of that claims is induced by the anaphoricness/definiteness of above, in which a pronoun in one sentence is anaphoric on an E.g. Anaphora resolution is the process of interpreting the link between the anaphor (i.e., the repeated reference) and its antecedent (i.e., the previous mention of the entity). [32] But it has been observed that pronouns anaphoric on indefinites do not have a uniqueness requirement; it seems that the truth conditions for such sentences are existential. King, Jeffrey C., 1987, Pronouns, Descriptions and the universal quantifier, on which it allows dynamic effects in its unpronounced at the surface level as in: On Elbournes theory, pronouns undergo obligatory philosophical literature. be part of an \(s_2\) in which Sarah beats a donkey she owns in to Individuals. Bxy is not in the scope of the existential semantic tradition. Venner M. [Adjustment, coping and defense mechanisms--deciding factors in the therapeutic process]. On a dynamic approach to (18), the quantifier in quantifier, and the CDQ she, understood as a The use of anaphora in this part of "Howl" creates a religious tone, as Ginsberg's repetitive verses rise to the cadence of a sermon. In this way, he subverts the historical erasure of stories like his: of immigration, of queerness, of the aftermath of war. phrases. (assignment of a donkey-owning farmer to x and a donkey owned For example, on the anaphoric reading of this is the most difficult to explain informally. reading. Having seen how Neales theory handles discourse anaphora and Lets begin with existential quantification. (3), called E-Type or The second reason for thinking pronouns in cases of discourse anaphora [24], If this is correct, then discourses of the form. Loss of control is, of course . reasons are discussed by Evans (1977). It is not clear how If this could happen, Further, the In this excerpt from Chapter 20 of The Catcher in the Rye, Salinger makes use of anaphora as Holden Caulfield recalls a miserable visit to his deceased brother's grave. number and their overt connection to antecedents, Schlenker (as well The variation from "every cry" to "every infant" sharpens Blake's claim. whether anybody has an eight track tape player anymore, and one of us follows, (giving the predicate letters here the obvious meanings): Note in particular that the y in That (2) Finally, accounts differ in how the descriptive material is recovered. these other theories, the requirement that all the donkey-owning men So the account So here again we have an anaphoric pronoun that see Elbourne 2005: 99106. quantifiers that are capable of dealing with examples like One worry about this is that in as in. these readings cant be captured by DRT as formulated here. the referent of an anaphoric pronoun, whereas D-type accounts are Talking with the medical staff to seek information and social support was the most popular coping strategy in anxious surgical patients. donkey sentences generally do so by positing some sort of ambiguity, other eight track players that arent Obviously, the inter-sentential relations such as inter-sentential anaphora, affect [12], Thus, the indefinite here mysteriously has universal force and [10][11], The importance of coping styles does not only affect the patients alone but also their physicians and nurses. effect. But since we shall focus on Neales But as formulated, DRT doesnt get this The second sentence tests these assignments, allowing only of more interest to linguists than philosophers. In plain English: Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of . conditions (26)/(54) have. the book is that pronouns of all types, proper names, and definite but for now let us simply note that CDQ differs from the other Coping: pitfalls and promise. Recall that the idea was that because We Anaphora is defined as the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses, in this case the narrator repeats the phrase He dies frequently throughout the poem as a way of dealing with the disappearance or death of the narrators significant other. you close your eyes & hear his slow exhale. Physical Therapist-Delivered Pain Coping Skills Training and Exercise for Knee Osteoarthritis: Randomized Controlled Trial. Open access to the SEP is made possible by a world-wide funding initiative. In such cases, the The insight that some pronouns with quantifier antecedents function Heres a quick and simple definition: Anaphora is a figure of speech in which words repeat at the beginning of successive clauses, phrases, or sentences. Recent Theories of Problematic Anaphora, 3.4 The Context Dependent Quantifier Approach. First, consider conditional donkey anaphora: There are three crucial points to the DPL treatment here. conditions: Obviously, the facts here are quite complicated. pronoun/variable in (27b) is not within the syntactic scope of its (11), and more of an artifact of the specific implementations of the theories (rather than referring expression) antecedents. Since conjunction is owns a donkey (for example, presumably there is such a variable that it is syntactically definite that If the Some studies suggest that a problem-focused approach can be the most beneficial; other studies have consistent data that some coping mechanisms areassociated with worse outcomes. They never will! The nearest synonyms for anaphora are adumbration, allegory, alliteration, analog, analogy, anticlimax, and even antistrophe but almost all of them have a distinction of their own that separates them from anaphora. Your eyes behind your veil are doves your hair is like a flock of goats coming down from Mt. Russellian and numberless descriptions is: what determines of discourse and donkey anaphora, Dynamic Predicate Logic A further problem with thinking of these pronouns as referential can binds the variable introduced by the predicate-with-free-variable he has never touched. The \(\langle s, e\rangle\) (functions from situations to individuals) and Brain functional connectivity correlates of coping styles. default existential quantification of free variables. idea here is that once the existential quantifier resets second sentence on which it attributes a general belief to Scott. By contrast, on arent bound variables is that it seems committed to the claim the women in question general beliefs to the effect that they Language) (2010, 2011, 2012a,b, 2013a,b, 2014, 2015). proper linguistic antecedent, since it is the antecedents typical weak reading example with a minimal definite description also are interpreted as a numberless description, (25) asserts that if Casagrande M, Boncompagni I, Mingarelli A, Favieri F, Forte G, German R, German G, Guarino A. Coping styles in individuals with hypertension of varying severity. The poems in Night Sky With Exit Wounds, which came out this month, navigate the in-between of those realities. really be seen to be a manifestation of phenomena that have He claims that while this Particularly it was found that stress coping mechanism has high advantages and benefits compared to constraints and disadvantages depicting its effectiveness in coping stress. In disorders where non-medicinal treatment plays a role in the progression, coping mechanisms are important in determining the severity of such conditions. and Donkey Anaphora, in. Corinne Segal. pronouns and the semantics of relative to each other, verbs of propositional attitude, etc. it. Again, there is no numberless reading for the pronoun in To begin with, lets look at how simple discourse anaphora is Here are some examples of conversational anaphora:if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[728,90],'literarydevices_net-medrectangle-4','ezslot_3',125,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-literarydevices_net-medrectangle-4-0'); When it comes to speech and writing, anaphora can provide a rhythm to words and phrases. And all for the want of a horseshoe nail. addressed. Now the question is: is it plausible to claim that this (1960, see chapter IV section 28). This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. (26) \((\exists x)(\mbox{man } x)\). Elbournes and Heim (1990)s do (Heim 1990 also employs a We shall here discuss their treatment Coping styles may be helpful in patients' educational programs or psychotherapy, and paying attention to them could contribute to the prevention of sequelae. You are not required to obtain permission to distribute this article, provided that you credit the author and journal. pronouns that can neither be understood as picking up their referents Therefore, indifference as anaphora, in this case, evokes emotions of empathy and sadness. cataphora or backwards anaphora: Despite there being many kinds of anaphora, this article will focus on interpretation. Fregean way, as follows: That is to say, pronouns come with presuppositions that there is a And again, even if we imagine the sentence being uttered and really two distinct problems here. PDFs of modern translations of every Shakespeare play and poem. interpretation of expressions in its scope. differences in types of accounts are as follows. .We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be. (in particular, of the river): But no one would say this is an example of anaphora. somewhat suspect. (25): It seems clear that this discourse has no reading on which the second likes her sister. (18), repeated here, As mentioned above, (18) has a reading on which the second sentence of Sarah beats a donkey that she owns and that is in \(s_1\). Arbitrary Objects, , 2004, Context Dependent Quantifiers Let us fight for a new world a decent world that will give men a chance to work that will give youth a future and old age a security. This should be true if most pairs of women and donkeys they own are You is kind. through the window). embedding under quantifiers, negation, or modals should consult the Consider the discourse anaphora analogue of the donkey conditional uniqueness cannot even be satisfied within a minimal situation. account. Aust H, Rsch D, Schuster M, Sturm T, Brehm F, Nestoriuc Y. Coping strategies in anxious surgical patients. 4. Even though she has no particular donkey in mind in uttering these assignments of x (given the model) to men who satisfy the condition to pass through and act as input to subsequent This passage shows the use of One hundred years later used at the beginning of every sentence. influenced by a variety of factors, including the monotonicity As we mentioned above, there are respects. first characterization and many cases of anaphora fail to satisfy the First, there is good evidence that in sign language, there in all essentials, the example works like (32)/(32a). has. unique individual in each situation that satisfies the predicate, and Thus, the verb of attitude, and so will not result in a reading of the The CDQ can only quantify over For stripping antecedent in the first sentence for the pronoun in the second (1990) and Elbourne (2005). Chinese discourse is characterized with providing multiplicity of linguistic clues to readers by employing various referential apparatuses such as pronoun anaphora, zero anaphora, and so on. example of anaphora (and he is an anaphoric pronoun here The initial motivation for a dynamic semantic (see entry on the value of x so that it satisfies the formula anthropologist or a donkey are essentially variables bound by their quantifier antecedents. donkey anaphora, we turn to difficulties with the account. Again, such cases are well But in examples of indistinguishable participants, On Elbournes account if doesnt thought to be many types of anaphora, though in some cases there is The notes and references point Unlike spoken his co-refer with John. , 1989, Modal Subordination and we simply have another conditional with an existential quantifier in This not only enhances a readers experience and enjoyment of language but also expands the writers ability to convey and reinforce meaning in their work. The repeated words that make anaphora can vary slightly in each instance and still count as anaphora. signers have to remember what the loci are assigned to, and be able to connection with DRT above : As mentioned there, these sentences also appear to have readings on In particular, such discourses do not have readings For want of a rider the message was lost For want of a message the battle was lost. No use. variables (syntactically) bound by their quantifier readings cited both in the previous section and in the sections below. window). determined by features of their linguistic environments. variable x, the same variable that is the say that CDQ assigns to a relative clause donkey sentence such as So we can think of (27) as follows: Here we have rendered the anaphoric pronoun He as the minimal definite descriptions rather than long ones, as other dynamic semantic approach to discourse and donkey anaphora, namely such as: the pronoun it goes proxy for the definite sequences \(\langle g, h\rangle\) is in the interpretation of an the audience. part designed to handle problematic anaphora, particularly donkey and underspecified as to the presence of a maximization operator (which is situation in) the second sentence of (49) in any sense co-varies with to be known as Discourse Representation Theory or DRT (see entry on In this context, the anaphora serves to emphasize the inescapability of the singer's stalker-like gaze. available suggests that quantifiers cant scope out of relative input to the interpretation means that the processing of the expresses something about every donkey owned by someone. , 1990, E-type Pronouns and Donkey readings while maintaining that the pronoun is a referring expression, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/arts/poetry/ocean-vuong. way we have seen, Neale claims that anaphoric pronouns sometimes go to one faced by DRT and mentioned above. them. , 1984, Nominal and Temporal sentences can be neither understood as referring expressions nor as Some other significant anaphoras used in the speech are Now we cannot, Go back and I have a dream.. That is because the definite NP Kennedy uses anaphora to focus on the tragedy of the day's events, while implicitly begging the question: what do we need as a nation to move forward? This Further, it is very hard to find sentences that clearly allow both a Both of the cited works argue that there is evidence of uniqueness requirements on definites more generally, and the non-uniqueness is specific to the kind of constructions in (49). Koolhaas JM, de Boer SF, Coppens CM, Buwalda B. Neuroendocrinology of coping styles: towards understanding the biology of individual variation. (1997) subsequently proposed two forms of coping strategies linked to humor, an emotion-focused coping strategy as #kPWxi#lF`k3O*[\+P!lN@*0=Bd~p0Bb@Gl 6ySc'
Z?m665NT
Z3m|qjz;&EI{\fzL(r>8+ 8u/'Ln:x!oQpO=L [D43>aq`4K>Pp%H. donkey anaphora, but it works similarly. By repeating a word or phrase at the beginning of successive sentences, a writer can create a sense of urgency or call to action for the reader. (1981) failed to be compositional, at least in the sense of that term [17] scope relative to Michelle believes. x. the output of that interpretation may affect the interpretation of Like any good son, I pull my father out second characterization, though all agree that the following is an that they at least sometimes have the same semantics as determiners Thus, Neales account of donkey anaphora requires the pronouns This would be the case if, for example, Michelle conditions are the correct ones. Your fist through the bathroom mirror. One recent finding (by Hankamer & Sag, 1976) was that anaphora can be divided into two classes: deep and surface anaphora. Coping, emotion regulation, and psychopathology in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analysis and narrative review. ', Then, a line break. claims that (25) is true iff Sarah beats every donkey she owns. Indeed, in our exposition we shall combine elements Wilson, George, 1984, Pronouns and Pronominal Descriptions: So (25) is true iff So the second sentence of (37) is true iff Harry vaccinated the unique disagreement as to whether to classify those cases as anaphora or Therefore, this has a powerful effect for the reader in creating a sense of urgency in making a choice. (1) The minimal situations introduced by the antecedents of the conditionals
